W-CDMA:
======
- W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), UMTS-FDD, UTRA-FDD, or IMT-2000 CDMA Direct Spread is an air interface standard found in 3G mobile telecommunications networks. It is the basis of Japan's NTT DoCoMo's FOMA service and the most-commonly used member of the UMTS family and sometimes used as a synonym for UMTS. It utilizes the DS-CDMA channel access method and the FDD duplexing method to achieve higher speeds and support more users compared to most time division multiple access (TDMA) and time division duplex (TDD) schemes used today.
- While not an evolutionary upgrade on the airside, it uses the same core network as the 2G GSM networks deployed worldwide, allowing dual-mode operation along with GSM/EDGE
- W-CDMA transmits on a pair of 5 MHz-wide radio channels, while CDMA2000 transmits on one or several pairs of 1.25 MHz radio channels.
UMTS:
====
- Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a third generation mobile cellular technology for networks based on the GSM standard. Developed by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project), UMTS is a component of the International Telecommunications Union IMT-2000 standard set and compares with the CDMA2000 standard set for networks based on the competing cdmaOne technology.
- Unlike EDGE (IMT Single-Carrier, based on GSM) and CDMA2000 (IMT Multi-Carrier), UMTS requires new base stations and new frequency allocations.
EDGE:
====
- Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) (also known as Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC), or Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution) is a digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates as a backward-compatible extension of GSM. EDGE is considered a pre-3G radio technology and is part of ITU's 3G definition.
- EDGE is four times as efficient as GPRS. GPRS uses four coding schemes (CS-1 to 4) while EDGE uses nine Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCS-1 to 9).
- EDGE/EGPRS is implemented as a bolt-on enhancement for 2.5G GSM/GPRS networks, making it easier for existing GSM carriers to upgrade to it. EDGE is a superset to GPRS and can function on any network with GPRS deployed on it, provided the carrier implements the necessary upgrade.
Evolved EDGE:
============
- Evolved EDGE improves on EDGE in a number of ways. Latencies are reduced by lowering the Transmission Time Interval by half (from 20 ms to 10 ms).
3G/IMT-2000:
===========
- 3G or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunication services fulfilling the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International Telecommunication Union.[1] Application services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment.
GPRS:
====
- General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication system's global system for mobile communications (GSM).
- GPRS was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet-switched cellular technologies. It is now maintained by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
Evolution-Data Optimized/Only (EV-DO, EV):
=========================================
- Evolution-Data Optimized or Evolution-Data only (EV-DO, EV, etc.) is a telecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically for broadband Internet access.
- It uses multiplexing techniques including code division multiple access (CDMA) as well as time division multiplexing (TDM) to maximize both individual users' throughput and the overall system throughput.
WiMAX:
=====
- WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a communication technology for wirelessly delivering high-speed Internet service to large geographical areas.
- The 2005 WiMAX revision provided bit rates up to 40 Mbit/s[1][2] with the 2011 update up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations
- It is a part of a “fourth generation,” or 4G, of wireless-communication technology, WiMax far surpasses the 30-metre (100-foot) wireless range of a conventional Wi-Fi local area network (LAN), offering a metropolitan area network with a signal radius of about 50 km (30 miles)
- The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL"
- WiMax offers data-transfer rates of up to 75 Mbit/s, which is superior to conventional cable-modem and DSL connections. However, the bandwidth must be split among multiple users and thus yields lower speeds in practice.
- The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications:
* Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through a variety of devices.
* Providing a wireless alternative to cable and digital subscriber line (DSL) for "last mile" broadband access.
* Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) and IPTV services (triple play).
* Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan.
Sunday, February 12, 2012
ISO Standards
ISO System:
- Because "International Organization for Standardization" would have different acronyms in different languages ("IOS" in English, "OIN" in French for Organisation internationale de normalisation), its founders decided to give it also a short, all-purpose name. They chose "ISO", derived from the Greek isos, meaning "equal". Whatever the country, whatever the language, the short form of the organization's name is always ISO.
- HQ at Geneva
Standards:
- ISO 1:2002 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) – Standard reference temperature for geometrical product specification and verification
- ISO 5 Photography and graphic technology – Density measurements
- ISO/IEC 646 Information technology – ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange
- ISO 1000 SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units [withdrawn 2009-11-17]
- ISO 9000 Quality management systems – Fundamentals and vocabulary
- ISO 9001 Quality management systems – Requirements
- ISO 14001 Environmental management systems – Requirements with guidance for use
- ISO/TS 15000 Electronic business eXtensible Markup Language ebXML
- ISO/IEC 18000 Information technology – Radio frequency identification for item management
- ISO 19005 Document management – Electronic document file format for long-term preservation
- ISO/IEC 20000 Information technology – Service management
- ISO 22000 Food safety management systems – Requirements for any organization in the food chain
- ISO/IEC 23003 Information technology – MPEG audio technologies
- ISO/IEC 24707:2007 Information technology – Common Logic (CL): a framework for a family of logic-based languages
- ISO 26000 Guidance on social responsibility
- ISO/IEC 27000 Information technology – Security techniques – Information security management systems – Overview and vocabulary
- ISO 28000 Specification for security management systems for the supply chain
- ISO/IEC 29500 Information technology – Document description and processing languages – Office Open XML File Formats
- ISO 30000:2009 Ships and marine technology – Ship recycling management systems – Specifications for management systems for safe and environmentally sound ship recycling facilities
- ISO 31000:2009 Risk management – Principles and guidelines
- ISO 32000 Document management – Portable document format
- ISO/IEC 38500:2008 Corporate governance of information technology
- ISO/IEC 80000 Quantities and units
- ISO/TS 80004 Nanotechnologies – Vocabulary
- Because "International Organization for Standardization" would have different acronyms in different languages ("IOS" in English, "OIN" in French for Organisation internationale de normalisation), its founders decided to give it also a short, all-purpose name. They chose "ISO", derived from the Greek isos, meaning "equal". Whatever the country, whatever the language, the short form of the organization's name is always ISO.
- HQ at Geneva
Standards:
- ISO 1:2002 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) – Standard reference temperature for geometrical product specification and verification
- ISO 5 Photography and graphic technology – Density measurements
- ISO/IEC 646 Information technology – ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange
- ISO 1000 SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units [withdrawn 2009-11-17]
- ISO 9000 Quality management systems – Fundamentals and vocabulary
- ISO 9001 Quality management systems – Requirements
- ISO 14001 Environmental management systems – Requirements with guidance for use
- ISO/TS 15000 Electronic business eXtensible Markup Language ebXML
- ISO/IEC 18000 Information technology – Radio frequency identification for item management
- ISO 19005 Document management – Electronic document file format for long-term preservation
- ISO/IEC 20000 Information technology – Service management
- ISO 22000 Food safety management systems – Requirements for any organization in the food chain
- ISO/IEC 23003 Information technology – MPEG audio technologies
- ISO/IEC 24707:2007 Information technology – Common Logic (CL): a framework for a family of logic-based languages
- ISO 26000 Guidance on social responsibility
- ISO/IEC 27000 Information technology – Security techniques – Information security management systems – Overview and vocabulary
- ISO 28000 Specification for security management systems for the supply chain
- ISO/IEC 29500 Information technology – Document description and processing languages – Office Open XML File Formats
- ISO 30000:2009 Ships and marine technology – Ship recycling management systems – Specifications for management systems for safe and environmentally sound ship recycling facilities
- ISO 31000:2009 Risk management – Principles and guidelines
- ISO 32000 Document management – Portable document format
- ISO/IEC 38500:2008 Corporate governance of information technology
- ISO/IEC 80000 Quantities and units
- ISO/TS 80004 Nanotechnologies – Vocabulary
Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Project Tiger
Government of India enacted a comprehensive legislation "Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972" with the objective of effectively controlling poaching and illegal trade in wildlife and its derivatives. This has been amended recently (January, 2003) and punishment and penalty for offences under the Act have been made more stringent.
The project was launched in 1973, and various tiger reserves were created in the country on a 'core-buffer' strategy. The core areas were freed from all sorts of human activities and the buffer areas were subjected to 'conservation oriented land use'. Management plans were drawn up for each tiger reserve, based on the principles outlined below:
1. Elimination of all forms of human exploitation and biotic disturbance from the core area and rationalization of activities in the buffer zone.
2. Restricting the habitat management only to repair the damages done to the eco-system by human and other interferences, so as to facilitate recovery of the eco-system to its natural state.
3. Monitoring the faunal and floral changes over time and carrying out research about wildlife.
Future:
a) Use of Information and Communication technology in Wildlife Protection and Crime Risk Management in Tiger reserves.
b) GIS based digitized database and MIS development/networking in Tiger Reserves:
c) Tiger Habitat & Population Evaluation System for the Indian Sub Continent
A 'Tiger Atlas of India' and a 'Tiger Habitat & Population Evaluation System for the country is being developed using the state- of - the - art technology.
This involves:
1. Mapping , data acquisition and GIS modeling
2. Field data collection and validation
3. Data Maintenance , Dissemination and Use
The following potential tiger habitats in the country are being covered:
>Shivalik-Terai Conservation Unit(Uttaranchal, UP, Bihar, West Bengal, Nepal)
>Nort east Conservation Unit
>Sunderbans Conservation Unit
>Central Indian Conservation Unit
>Eastern Ghat Conservation Unit
>Western Ghat Conservation Unit
The project was launched in 1973, and various tiger reserves were created in the country on a 'core-buffer' strategy. The core areas were freed from all sorts of human activities and the buffer areas were subjected to 'conservation oriented land use'. Management plans were drawn up for each tiger reserve, based on the principles outlined below:
1. Elimination of all forms of human exploitation and biotic disturbance from the core area and rationalization of activities in the buffer zone.
2. Restricting the habitat management only to repair the damages done to the eco-system by human and other interferences, so as to facilitate recovery of the eco-system to its natural state.
3. Monitoring the faunal and floral changes over time and carrying out research about wildlife.
Future:
a) Use of Information and Communication technology in Wildlife Protection and Crime Risk Management in Tiger reserves.
b) GIS based digitized database and MIS development/networking in Tiger Reserves:
c) Tiger Habitat & Population Evaluation System for the Indian Sub Continent
A 'Tiger Atlas of India' and a 'Tiger Habitat & Population Evaluation System for the country is being developed using the state- of - the - art technology.
This involves:
1. Mapping , data acquisition and GIS modeling
2. Field data collection and validation
3. Data Maintenance , Dissemination and Use
The following potential tiger habitats in the country are being covered:
>Shivalik-Terai Conservation Unit(Uttaranchal, UP, Bihar, West Bengal, Nepal)
>Nort east Conservation Unit
>Sunderbans Conservation Unit
>Central Indian Conservation Unit
>Eastern Ghat Conservation Unit
>Western Ghat Conservation Unit
Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA)
Mission:
Efficient energy utilization and environment protection leading to Improvement in Quality of Life.
Objectives:
- To formulate strategies and promote measures for accelerating conservation of petroleum products leading to environment protection, energy security and sustainable development.
- To create awareness among masses about the importance, benefits and methods of conserving petroleum products & clean environment by enhancing information and capacity building.
- To promote research, development and deployment efforts aimed at petroleum conservation & environment protection, support & facilitate efforts for adoption and dissemination of fuel efficient technologies and substitution of petroleum products with alternate fuels and renewable.
- To establish synergistic institutional linkages at the national & international levels in the areas of petroleum conservation & environment protection.
- To provide training and technical advisory services, designed to achieve economy & efficiency in use of petroleum products for cleaner environment.
- To function as a Think Tank to the Govt. of India for proposing policies and strategies on petroleum conservation and environment protection aimed at reducing excessive dependence on oil.
Activities:
- Education campaign
- IT
- Conservation Awards
- R&D
- Networking
- Literature Development
- Field Activities
- Training & Development
Website: http://www.pcra.org/
Diseases & Microorganisms
Sl.No Disease || Microorganism
1 . Acinetobacter infections || Acinetobacter baumannii
2 . Actinomycosis || Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces gerencseriae and Propionibacterium propionicus
3 . African sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis) || Trypanosoma brucei
4 . AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) || HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)
5 . Amebiasis, Amoebic dysentery || Entamoeba histolytica
6 . Anaplasmosis || Anaplasma genus
7 . Anthrax || Bacillus anthracis
8 . Arcanobacterium haemolyticuminfection || Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
9 . Argentine hemorrhagic fever || Junin virus
10 . Ascariasis || Ascaris lumbricoides
11 . Aspergillosis || Aspergillus genus
12 . Astrovirus infection || Astroviridae family
13 . Babesiosis || Babesia genus
14 . Bacillus cereus infection || Bacillus cereus
15 . Bacterial pneumonia || multiple bacteria
16 . Bacterial vaginosis (BV) || multiple bacteria
17 . Bacteroides infection || Bacteroides genus
18 . Balantidiasis || Balantidium coli
19 . Baylisascaris infection || Baylisascaris genus
20 . BK virus infection || BK virus
21 . Black piedra || Piedraia hortae
22 . Blastocystis hominis infection || Blastocystis hominis
23 . Blastomycosis || Blastomyces dermatitidis
24 . Bolivian hemorrhagic fever || Machupo virus
25 . Borrelia infection || Borrelia genus
26 . Botulism (and Infant botulism) || Clostridium botulinum; Note: Botulism is not an infection by Clostridium botulinum but caused by the intake of botulinum toxin.
27 . Brazilian hemorrhagic fever || Sabia
28 . Brucellosis || Brucella genus
29 . Burkholderia infection || usually Burkholderia cepacia and other Burkholderia species
30 . Buruli ulcer || Mycobacterium ulcerans
31 . Calicivirus infection (Norovirus andSapovirus) || Caliciviridae family
32 . Campylobacteriosis || Campylobacter genus
33 . Candidiasis (Moniliasis; Thrush) || usually Candida albicans and other Candida species
34 . Cat-scratch disease || Bartonella henselae
35 . Cellulitis || usually Group A Streptococcus and Staphylococcus
36 . Chagas Disease (American trypanosomiasis) || Trypanosoma cruzi
37 . Chancroid || Haemophilus ducreyi
38 . Chickenpox || Varicella zoster virus (VZV)
39 . Chlamydia || Chlamydia trachomatis
40 . Chlamydophila pneumoniaeinfection || Chlamydophila pneumoniae
41 . Cholera || Vibrio cholerae
42 . Chromoblastomycosis || usually Fonsecaea pedrosoi
43 . Clonorchiasis || Clonorchis sinensis
44 . Clostridium difficile infection || Clostridium difficile
45 . Coccidioidomycosis || Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii
46 . Colorado tick fever (CTF) || Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV)
47 . Common cold (Acute viral rhinopharyngitis; Acute coryza) || usually rhinoviruses and coronaviruses.
48 . Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) || CJD prion
49 . Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever(CCHF) || Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
50 . Cryptococcosis || Cryptococcus neoformans
51 . Cryptosporidiosis || Cryptosporidium genus
52 . Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) || usually Ancylostoma braziliense; multiple other parasites
53 . Cyclosporiasis || Cyclospora cayetanensis
54 . Cysticercosis || Taenia solium
55 . Cytomegalovirus infection || Cytomegalovirus
56 . Dengue fever || Dengue viruses (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4) – Flaviviruses
57 . Dientamoebiasis || Dientamoeba fragilis
58 . Diphtheria || Corynebacterium diphtheriae
59 . Diphyllobothriasis || Diphyllobothrium
60 . Dracunculiasis || Dracunculus medinensis
61 . Ebola hemorrhagic fever || Ebolavirus (EBOV)
62 . Echinococcosis || Echinococcus genus
63 . Ehrlichiosis || Ehrlichia genus
64 . Enterobiasis (Pinworm infection) || Enterobius vermicularis
65 . Enterococcus infection || Enterococcus genus
66 . Enterovirus infection || Enterovirus genus
67 . Epidemic typhus || Rickettsia prowazekii
68 . Erythema infectiosum (Fifth disease) || Parvovirus B19
69 . Exanthem subitum || Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7)
70 . Fasciolopsiasis || Fasciolopsis buski
71 . Fasciolosis || Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica
72 . Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) || FFI prion
73 . Filariasis || Filarioidea superfamily
74 . Food poisoning by Clostridium perfringens || Clostridium perfringens
75 . Free-living amebic infection || multiple
76 . Fusobacterium infection || Fusobacterium genus
77 . Gas gangrene (Clostridial myonecrosis) || usually Clostridium perfringens; other Clostridium species
78 . Geotrichosis || Geotrichum candidum
79 . Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) || GSS prion
80 . Giardiasis || Giardia intestinalis
81 . Glanders || Burkholderia mallei
82 . Gnathostomiasis || Gnathostoma spinigerum and Gnathostoma hispidum
83 . Gonorrhea || Neisseria gonorrhoeae
84 . Granuloma inguinale(Donovanosis) || Klebsiella granulomatis
85 . Group A streptococcal infection || Streptococcus pyogenes
86 . Group B streptococcal infection || Streptococcus agalactiae
87 . Haemophilus influenzae infection || Haemophilus influenzae
88 . Hand, foot and mouth disease(HFMD) || Enteroviruses, mainly Coxsackie A virus and Enterovirus 71 (EV71)
89 . Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) || Sin Nombre virus
90 . Helicobacter pylori infection || Helicobacter pylori
91 . Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) || Escherichia coli O157:H7, O111 and O104:H4
92 . Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) || Bunyaviridae family
93 . Hepatitis A || Hepatitis A Virus
94 . Hepatitis B || Hepatitis B Virus
95 . Hepatitis C || Hepatitis C Virus
96 . Hepatitis D || Hepatitis D Virus
97 . Hepatitis E || Hepatitis E Virus
98 . Herpes simplex || Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2)
99 . Histoplasmosis || Histoplasma capsulatum
100 . Hookworm infection || Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus
101 . Human bocavirus infection || Human bocavirus (HBoV)
102 . Human ewingii ehrlichiosis || Ehrlichia ewingii
103 . Human granulocytic anaplasmosis(HGA) || Anaplasma phagocytophilum
104 . Human metapneumovirus infection || Human metapneumovirus (hMPV)
105 . Human monocytic ehrlichiosis || Ehrlichia chaffeensis
106 . Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection || Human papillomavirus (HPV)
107 . Human parainfluenza virusinfection || Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV)
108 . Hymenolepiasis || Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta
109 . Epstein-Barr Virus Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono) || Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
110 . Influenza (flu) || Orthomyxoviridae family
111 . Isosporiasis || Isospora belli
112 . Kawasaki disease || unknown; evidence supports that it is infectious
113 . Keratitis || multiple
114 . Kingella kingae infection || Kingella kingae
115 . Kuru || Kuru prion
116 . Lassa fever || Lassa virus
117 . Legionellosis (Legionnaires' disease) || Legionella pneumophila
118 . Legionellosis (Pontiac fever) || Legionella pneumophila
119 . Leishmaniasis || Leishmania genus
120 . Leprosy || Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis
121 . Leptospirosis || Leptospira genus
122 . Listeriosis || Listeria monocytogenes
123 . Lyme disease (Lyme borreliosis) || usually Borrelia burgdorferi and other Borrelia species
124 . Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis) || Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi
125 . Lymphocytic choriomeningitis || Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)
126 . Malaria || Plasmodium genus
127 . Marburg hemorrhagic fever (MHF) || Marburg virus
128 . Measles || Measles virus
129 . Melioidosis (Whitmore's disease) || Burkholderia pseudomallei
130 . Meningitis || multiple
131 . Meningococcal disease || Neisseria meningitidis
132 . Metagonimiasis || usually Metagonimus yokagawai
133 . Microsporidiosis || Microsporidia phylum
134 . Molluscum contagiosum (MC) || Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV)
135 . Mumps || Mumps virus
136 . Murine typhus (Endemic typhus) || Rickettsia typhi
137 . Mycoplasma pneumonia || Mycoplasma pneumoniae
138 . Mycetoma || numerous species of bacteria (Actinomycetoma) and fungi (Eumycetoma)
139 . Myiasis || parasitic dipterous fly larvae
140 . Neonatal conjunctivitis(Ophthalmia neonatorum) || most commonly Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
141 . (New) Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD, nvCJD) || vCJD prion
142 . Nocardiosis || usually Nocardia asteroides and other Nocardia species
143 . Onchocerciasis (River blindness) || Onchocerca volvulus
144 . Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis) || Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
145 . Paragonimiasis || usually Paragonimus westermani and other Paragonimus species
146 . Pasteurellosis || Pasteurella genus
147 . Pediculosis capitis (Head lice) || Pediculus humanus capitis
148 . Pediculosis corporis (Body lice) || Pediculus humanus corporis
149 . Pediculosis pubis (Pubic lice, Crab lice) || Phthirus pubis
150 . Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) || multiple
151 . Pertussis (Whooping cough) || Bordetella pertussis
152 . Plague || Yersinia pestis
153 . Pneumococcal infection || Streptococcus pneumoniae
154 . Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) || Pneumocystis jirovecii
155 . Pneumonia || multiple
156 . Poliomyelitis || Poliovirus
157 . Prevotella infection || Prevotella genus
158 . Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) || usually Naegleria fowleri
159 . Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy || JC virus
160 . Psittacosis || Chlamydophila psittaci
161 . Q fever || Coxiella burnetii
162 . Rabies || Rabies virus
163 . Rat-bite fever || Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum minus
164 . Respiratory syncytial virusinfection || Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
165 . Rhinosporidiosis || Rhinosporidium seeberi
166 . Rhinovirus infection || Rhinovirus
167 . Rickettsial infection || Rickettsia genus
168 . Rickettsialpox || Rickettsia akari
169 . Rift Valley fever (RVF) || Rift Valley fever virus
170 . Rocky mountain spotted fever(RMSF) || Rickettsia rickettsii
171 . Rotavirus infection || Rotavirus
172 . Rubella || Rubella virus
173 . Salmonellosis || Salmonella genus
174 . SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) || SARS coronavirus
175 . Scabies || Sarcoptes scabiei
176 . Schistosomiasis || Schistosoma genus
177 . Sepsis || multiple
178 . Shigellosis (Bacillary dysentery) || Shigella genus
179 . Shingles (Herpes zoster) || Varicella zoster virus (VZV)
180 . Smallpox (Variola) || Variola major or Variola minor
181 . Sporotrichosis || Sporothrix schenckii
182 . Staphylococcal food poisoning || Staphylococcus genus
183 . Staphylococcal infection || Staphylococcus genus
184 . Strongyloidiasis || Strongyloides stercoralis
185 . Syphilis || Treponema pallidum
186 . Taeniasis || Taenia genus
187 . Tetanus (Lockjaw) || Clostridium tetani
188 . Tinea barbae (Barber's itch) || usually Trichophyton genus
189 . Tinea capitis (Ringworm of the Scalp) || usually Trichophyton tonsurans
190 . Tinea corporis (Ringworm of the Body) || usually Trichophyton genus
191 . Tinea cruris (Jock itch) || usually Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes
192 . Tinea manuum (Ringworm of the Hand) || Trichophyton rubrum
193 . Tinea nigra || usually Hortaea werneckii
194 . Tinea pedis (Athlete’s foot) || usually Trichophyton genus
195 . Tinea unguium (Onychomycosis) || usually Trichophyton genus
196 . Tinea versicolor (Pityriasis versicolor) || Malassezia genus
197 . Toxocariasis (Ocular Larva Migrans (OLM)) || Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati
198 . Toxocariasis (Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM)) || Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati
199 . Toxoplasmosis || Toxoplasma gondii
200 . Trichinellosis || Trichinella spiralis
201 . Trichomoniasis || Trichomonas vaginalis
202 . Trichuriasis (Whipworm infection) || Trichuris trichiura
203 . Tuberculosis || usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis
204 . Tularemia || Francisella tularensis
205 . Ureaplasma urealyticum infection || Ureaplasma urealyticum
206 . Venezuelan equine encephalitis || Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
207 . Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever || Guanarito virus
208 . Viral pneumonia || multiple viruses
209 . West Nile Fever || West Nile virus
210 . White piedra (Tinea blanca) || Trichosporon beigelii
211 . Yersinia pseudotuberculosisinfection || Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
212 . Yersiniosis || Yersinia enterocolitica
213 . Yellow fever || Yellow fever virus
214 . Zygomycosis || Mucorales order (Mucormycosis) and Entomophthorales order (Entomophthoramycosis)
1 . Acinetobacter infections || Acinetobacter baumannii
2 . Actinomycosis || Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces gerencseriae and Propionibacterium propionicus
3 . African sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis) || Trypanosoma brucei
4 . AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) || HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)
5 . Amebiasis, Amoebic dysentery || Entamoeba histolytica
6 . Anaplasmosis || Anaplasma genus
7 . Anthrax || Bacillus anthracis
8 . Arcanobacterium haemolyticuminfection || Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
9 . Argentine hemorrhagic fever || Junin virus
10 . Ascariasis || Ascaris lumbricoides
11 . Aspergillosis || Aspergillus genus
12 . Astrovirus infection || Astroviridae family
13 . Babesiosis || Babesia genus
14 . Bacillus cereus infection || Bacillus cereus
15 . Bacterial pneumonia || multiple bacteria
16 . Bacterial vaginosis (BV) || multiple bacteria
17 . Bacteroides infection || Bacteroides genus
18 . Balantidiasis || Balantidium coli
19 . Baylisascaris infection || Baylisascaris genus
20 . BK virus infection || BK virus
21 . Black piedra || Piedraia hortae
22 . Blastocystis hominis infection || Blastocystis hominis
23 . Blastomycosis || Blastomyces dermatitidis
24 . Bolivian hemorrhagic fever || Machupo virus
25 . Borrelia infection || Borrelia genus
26 . Botulism (and Infant botulism) || Clostridium botulinum; Note: Botulism is not an infection by Clostridium botulinum but caused by the intake of botulinum toxin.
27 . Brazilian hemorrhagic fever || Sabia
28 . Brucellosis || Brucella genus
29 . Burkholderia infection || usually Burkholderia cepacia and other Burkholderia species
30 . Buruli ulcer || Mycobacterium ulcerans
31 . Calicivirus infection (Norovirus andSapovirus) || Caliciviridae family
32 . Campylobacteriosis || Campylobacter genus
33 . Candidiasis (Moniliasis; Thrush) || usually Candida albicans and other Candida species
34 . Cat-scratch disease || Bartonella henselae
35 . Cellulitis || usually Group A Streptococcus and Staphylococcus
36 . Chagas Disease (American trypanosomiasis) || Trypanosoma cruzi
37 . Chancroid || Haemophilus ducreyi
38 . Chickenpox || Varicella zoster virus (VZV)
39 . Chlamydia || Chlamydia trachomatis
40 . Chlamydophila pneumoniaeinfection || Chlamydophila pneumoniae
41 . Cholera || Vibrio cholerae
42 . Chromoblastomycosis || usually Fonsecaea pedrosoi
43 . Clonorchiasis || Clonorchis sinensis
44 . Clostridium difficile infection || Clostridium difficile
45 . Coccidioidomycosis || Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii
46 . Colorado tick fever (CTF) || Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV)
47 . Common cold (Acute viral rhinopharyngitis; Acute coryza) || usually rhinoviruses and coronaviruses.
48 . Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) || CJD prion
49 . Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever(CCHF) || Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
50 . Cryptococcosis || Cryptococcus neoformans
51 . Cryptosporidiosis || Cryptosporidium genus
52 . Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) || usually Ancylostoma braziliense; multiple other parasites
53 . Cyclosporiasis || Cyclospora cayetanensis
54 . Cysticercosis || Taenia solium
55 . Cytomegalovirus infection || Cytomegalovirus
56 . Dengue fever || Dengue viruses (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4) – Flaviviruses
57 . Dientamoebiasis || Dientamoeba fragilis
58 . Diphtheria || Corynebacterium diphtheriae
59 . Diphyllobothriasis || Diphyllobothrium
60 . Dracunculiasis || Dracunculus medinensis
61 . Ebola hemorrhagic fever || Ebolavirus (EBOV)
62 . Echinococcosis || Echinococcus genus
63 . Ehrlichiosis || Ehrlichia genus
64 . Enterobiasis (Pinworm infection) || Enterobius vermicularis
65 . Enterococcus infection || Enterococcus genus
66 . Enterovirus infection || Enterovirus genus
67 . Epidemic typhus || Rickettsia prowazekii
68 . Erythema infectiosum (Fifth disease) || Parvovirus B19
69 . Exanthem subitum || Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7)
70 . Fasciolopsiasis || Fasciolopsis buski
71 . Fasciolosis || Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica
72 . Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) || FFI prion
73 . Filariasis || Filarioidea superfamily
74 . Food poisoning by Clostridium perfringens || Clostridium perfringens
75 . Free-living amebic infection || multiple
76 . Fusobacterium infection || Fusobacterium genus
77 . Gas gangrene (Clostridial myonecrosis) || usually Clostridium perfringens; other Clostridium species
78 . Geotrichosis || Geotrichum candidum
79 . Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) || GSS prion
80 . Giardiasis || Giardia intestinalis
81 . Glanders || Burkholderia mallei
82 . Gnathostomiasis || Gnathostoma spinigerum and Gnathostoma hispidum
83 . Gonorrhea || Neisseria gonorrhoeae
84 . Granuloma inguinale(Donovanosis) || Klebsiella granulomatis
85 . Group A streptococcal infection || Streptococcus pyogenes
86 . Group B streptococcal infection || Streptococcus agalactiae
87 . Haemophilus influenzae infection || Haemophilus influenzae
88 . Hand, foot and mouth disease(HFMD) || Enteroviruses, mainly Coxsackie A virus and Enterovirus 71 (EV71)
89 . Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) || Sin Nombre virus
90 . Helicobacter pylori infection || Helicobacter pylori
91 . Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) || Escherichia coli O157:H7, O111 and O104:H4
92 . Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) || Bunyaviridae family
93 . Hepatitis A || Hepatitis A Virus
94 . Hepatitis B || Hepatitis B Virus
95 . Hepatitis C || Hepatitis C Virus
96 . Hepatitis D || Hepatitis D Virus
97 . Hepatitis E || Hepatitis E Virus
98 . Herpes simplex || Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2)
99 . Histoplasmosis || Histoplasma capsulatum
100 . Hookworm infection || Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus
101 . Human bocavirus infection || Human bocavirus (HBoV)
102 . Human ewingii ehrlichiosis || Ehrlichia ewingii
103 . Human granulocytic anaplasmosis(HGA) || Anaplasma phagocytophilum
104 . Human metapneumovirus infection || Human metapneumovirus (hMPV)
105 . Human monocytic ehrlichiosis || Ehrlichia chaffeensis
106 . Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection || Human papillomavirus (HPV)
107 . Human parainfluenza virusinfection || Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV)
108 . Hymenolepiasis || Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta
109 . Epstein-Barr Virus Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono) || Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
110 . Influenza (flu) || Orthomyxoviridae family
111 . Isosporiasis || Isospora belli
112 . Kawasaki disease || unknown; evidence supports that it is infectious
113 . Keratitis || multiple
114 . Kingella kingae infection || Kingella kingae
115 . Kuru || Kuru prion
116 . Lassa fever || Lassa virus
117 . Legionellosis (Legionnaires' disease) || Legionella pneumophila
118 . Legionellosis (Pontiac fever) || Legionella pneumophila
119 . Leishmaniasis || Leishmania genus
120 . Leprosy || Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis
121 . Leptospirosis || Leptospira genus
122 . Listeriosis || Listeria monocytogenes
123 . Lyme disease (Lyme borreliosis) || usually Borrelia burgdorferi and other Borrelia species
124 . Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis) || Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi
125 . Lymphocytic choriomeningitis || Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)
126 . Malaria || Plasmodium genus
127 . Marburg hemorrhagic fever (MHF) || Marburg virus
128 . Measles || Measles virus
129 . Melioidosis (Whitmore's disease) || Burkholderia pseudomallei
130 . Meningitis || multiple
131 . Meningococcal disease || Neisseria meningitidis
132 . Metagonimiasis || usually Metagonimus yokagawai
133 . Microsporidiosis || Microsporidia phylum
134 . Molluscum contagiosum (MC) || Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV)
135 . Mumps || Mumps virus
136 . Murine typhus (Endemic typhus) || Rickettsia typhi
137 . Mycoplasma pneumonia || Mycoplasma pneumoniae
138 . Mycetoma || numerous species of bacteria (Actinomycetoma) and fungi (Eumycetoma)
139 . Myiasis || parasitic dipterous fly larvae
140 . Neonatal conjunctivitis(Ophthalmia neonatorum) || most commonly Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
141 . (New) Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD, nvCJD) || vCJD prion
142 . Nocardiosis || usually Nocardia asteroides and other Nocardia species
143 . Onchocerciasis (River blindness) || Onchocerca volvulus
144 . Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis) || Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
145 . Paragonimiasis || usually Paragonimus westermani and other Paragonimus species
146 . Pasteurellosis || Pasteurella genus
147 . Pediculosis capitis (Head lice) || Pediculus humanus capitis
148 . Pediculosis corporis (Body lice) || Pediculus humanus corporis
149 . Pediculosis pubis (Pubic lice, Crab lice) || Phthirus pubis
150 . Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) || multiple
151 . Pertussis (Whooping cough) || Bordetella pertussis
152 . Plague || Yersinia pestis
153 . Pneumococcal infection || Streptococcus pneumoniae
154 . Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) || Pneumocystis jirovecii
155 . Pneumonia || multiple
156 . Poliomyelitis || Poliovirus
157 . Prevotella infection || Prevotella genus
158 . Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) || usually Naegleria fowleri
159 . Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy || JC virus
160 . Psittacosis || Chlamydophila psittaci
161 . Q fever || Coxiella burnetii
162 . Rabies || Rabies virus
163 . Rat-bite fever || Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum minus
164 . Respiratory syncytial virusinfection || Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
165 . Rhinosporidiosis || Rhinosporidium seeberi
166 . Rhinovirus infection || Rhinovirus
167 . Rickettsial infection || Rickettsia genus
168 . Rickettsialpox || Rickettsia akari
169 . Rift Valley fever (RVF) || Rift Valley fever virus
170 . Rocky mountain spotted fever(RMSF) || Rickettsia rickettsii
171 . Rotavirus infection || Rotavirus
172 . Rubella || Rubella virus
173 . Salmonellosis || Salmonella genus
174 . SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) || SARS coronavirus
175 . Scabies || Sarcoptes scabiei
176 . Schistosomiasis || Schistosoma genus
177 . Sepsis || multiple
178 . Shigellosis (Bacillary dysentery) || Shigella genus
179 . Shingles (Herpes zoster) || Varicella zoster virus (VZV)
180 . Smallpox (Variola) || Variola major or Variola minor
181 . Sporotrichosis || Sporothrix schenckii
182 . Staphylococcal food poisoning || Staphylococcus genus
183 . Staphylococcal infection || Staphylococcus genus
184 . Strongyloidiasis || Strongyloides stercoralis
185 . Syphilis || Treponema pallidum
186 . Taeniasis || Taenia genus
187 . Tetanus (Lockjaw) || Clostridium tetani
188 . Tinea barbae (Barber's itch) || usually Trichophyton genus
189 . Tinea capitis (Ringworm of the Scalp) || usually Trichophyton tonsurans
190 . Tinea corporis (Ringworm of the Body) || usually Trichophyton genus
191 . Tinea cruris (Jock itch) || usually Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes
192 . Tinea manuum (Ringworm of the Hand) || Trichophyton rubrum
193 . Tinea nigra || usually Hortaea werneckii
194 . Tinea pedis (Athlete’s foot) || usually Trichophyton genus
195 . Tinea unguium (Onychomycosis) || usually Trichophyton genus
196 . Tinea versicolor (Pityriasis versicolor) || Malassezia genus
197 . Toxocariasis (Ocular Larva Migrans (OLM)) || Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati
198 . Toxocariasis (Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM)) || Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati
199 . Toxoplasmosis || Toxoplasma gondii
200 . Trichinellosis || Trichinella spiralis
201 . Trichomoniasis || Trichomonas vaginalis
202 . Trichuriasis (Whipworm infection) || Trichuris trichiura
203 . Tuberculosis || usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis
204 . Tularemia || Francisella tularensis
205 . Ureaplasma urealyticum infection || Ureaplasma urealyticum
206 . Venezuelan equine encephalitis || Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
207 . Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever || Guanarito virus
208 . Viral pneumonia || multiple viruses
209 . West Nile Fever || West Nile virus
210 . White piedra (Tinea blanca) || Trichosporon beigelii
211 . Yersinia pseudotuberculosisinfection || Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
212 . Yersiniosis || Yersinia enterocolitica
213 . Yellow fever || Yellow fever virus
214 . Zygomycosis || Mucorales order (Mucormycosis) and Entomophthorales order (Entomophthoramycosis)
Sunday, February 5, 2012
Millenium Development Goals
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals that all 193 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieve by the year 2015.
The aim of the MDGs is to encourage development by improving social and economic conditions in the world's poorest countries. They derive from earlier international development targets,[2] and were officially established following the Millennium Summit in 2000, where all world leaders present adopted the United Nations Millennium Declaration.
The Declaration asserts that every individual has the right to dignity, freedom, equality, a basic standard of living that includes freedom from hunger and violence, and encourages tolerance and solidarity.
The MDGs focus on three major areas of Human development (humanity): bolstering human capital, improving infrastructure, and increasing social, economic and political rights, with the majority of the focus going towards increasing basic standards of living.
Goals:
1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger:
2: Achieve universal primary education
3: Promote gender equality and empower women
4: Reduce child mortality rates
5: Improve maternal health
6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7: Ensure environmental sustainability
8: Develop a global partnership for development
Drawbacks of the MDGs :
- the lack of analytical power and justification behind the chosen objectives. The MDGs leave out important ideals, such as the lack of strong objectives and indicators for equality, which is considered by many scholars to be a major flaw of the MDGs due to the disparities of progress towards poverty reduction between groups within nations.
- the difficulty or lack of measurements for some of the goals.
Progress:
- Progress towards reaching the goals has been uneven
- major countries that have been achieving their goals include China (whose poverty population has reduced from 452 million to 278 million) and India due to clear internal and external factors of population and economic development.
- areas needing the most reduction, such as the Sub-Saharan Africa regions have yet to make any drastic changes in improving their quality of life, are at a major risk of not meeting the MDGs by 2015.
- Fundamental issues will determine whether or not the MDGs are achieved, namely gender, the divide between the humanitarian and development agendas and economic growth, according to researchers at the Overseas Development Institute.
Review Summit 2010:
- held at UN headquarters in New York on 20–22 September 2010 to review progress to date, with five years left to the 2015 deadline.
- concluded with the adoption of a global action plan to achieve the eight anti-poverty goals by their 2015 target date.
- There were also major new commitments on women's and children's health, and major new initiatives in the worldwide battle against poverty, hunger and disease
Challenges:
- Although developed countries' aid for the achievement of the MDGs have been rising over recent years, it has shown that more than half is towards debt relief owed by poor countries.
- As well, remaining aid money goes towards natural disaster relief and military aid which does not further the country into development
- According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2006), the 50 least developed countries only receive about one third of all aid that flows from developed countries, raising the issue of aid not moving from rich to poor depending on their development needs but rather from rich to their closest allies.
Goals in detail:
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger:
Target 1A: Halve the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day
Proportion of population below $1 per day (PPP values)
Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of poverty]
Share of poorest quintile in national consumption
Target 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women, Men, and Young People
GDP Growth per Employed Person
Employment Rate
Proportion of employed population below $1 per day (PPP values)
Proportion of family-based workers in employed population
Target 1C: Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age
Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption[13]
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education:
Target 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of primary schooling, girls and boys
Enrollment in primary education
Completion of primary education
Literacy of 15-24 year olds, female and male[14]
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women:
Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015
Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education
Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament[15]
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates:
Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
Under-five mortality rate
Infant (under 1) mortality rate
Proportion of 1-year-old children immunized against measles[16]
Goal 5: Improve maternal health:
Target 5A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
Maternal mortality ratio
Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel
Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
Contraceptive prevalence rate
Adolescent birth rate
Antenatal care coverage
Unmet need for family planning[17]
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases:
Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
HIV prevalence among population aged 15–24 years
Condom use at last high-risk sex
Proportion of population aged 15–24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS
Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it
Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to antiretroviral drugs
Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria
Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets
Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with appropriate anti-malarial drugs
Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis
Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short Course)[18]
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability:
Target 7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs; reverse loss of environmental resources
Target 7B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss
Proportion of land area covered by forest
CO2 emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP)
Consumption of ozone-depleting substances
Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits
Proportion of total water resources used
Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected
Proportion of species threatened with extinction
Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation (for more information see the entry on water supply)
Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural
Proportion of urban population with access to improved sanitation
Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers
Proportion of urban population living in slums[19]
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development:
Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system
Includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction – both nationally and internationally
Target 8B: Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed Countries (LDC)
Includes: tariff and quota free access for LDC exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for HIPC and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA (Overseas Development Assistance) for countries committed to poverty reduction
Target 8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States
Through the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General Assembly
Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
Some of the indicators listed below are monitored separately for the least developed countries (LDCs), Africa, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States.
Official development assistance (ODA):
Net ODA, total and to LDCs, as percentage of OECD/DAC donors’ GNI
Proportion of total sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation)
Proportion of bilateral ODA of OECD/DAC donors that is untied
ODA received in landlocked countries as proportion of their GNIs
ODA received in small island developing States as proportion of their GNIs
Market access:
Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms) from developing countries and from LDCs, admitted free of duty
Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing from developing countries
Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as percentage of their GDP
Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity
Debt sustainability:
Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative)
Debt relief committed under HIPC initiative, US$
Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services
Target 8E: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries
Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis
Target 8F: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications
Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population
Personal computers in use per 100 population
Internet users per 100 Population[20]
The aim of the MDGs is to encourage development by improving social and economic conditions in the world's poorest countries. They derive from earlier international development targets,[2] and were officially established following the Millennium Summit in 2000, where all world leaders present adopted the United Nations Millennium Declaration.
The Declaration asserts that every individual has the right to dignity, freedom, equality, a basic standard of living that includes freedom from hunger and violence, and encourages tolerance and solidarity.
The MDGs focus on three major areas of Human development (humanity): bolstering human capital, improving infrastructure, and increasing social, economic and political rights, with the majority of the focus going towards increasing basic standards of living.
Goals:
1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger:
2: Achieve universal primary education
3: Promote gender equality and empower women
4: Reduce child mortality rates
5: Improve maternal health
6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7: Ensure environmental sustainability
8: Develop a global partnership for development
Drawbacks of the MDGs :
- the lack of analytical power and justification behind the chosen objectives. The MDGs leave out important ideals, such as the lack of strong objectives and indicators for equality, which is considered by many scholars to be a major flaw of the MDGs due to the disparities of progress towards poverty reduction between groups within nations.
- the difficulty or lack of measurements for some of the goals.
Progress:
- Progress towards reaching the goals has been uneven
- major countries that have been achieving their goals include China (whose poverty population has reduced from 452 million to 278 million) and India due to clear internal and external factors of population and economic development.
- areas needing the most reduction, such as the Sub-Saharan Africa regions have yet to make any drastic changes in improving their quality of life, are at a major risk of not meeting the MDGs by 2015.
- Fundamental issues will determine whether or not the MDGs are achieved, namely gender, the divide between the humanitarian and development agendas and economic growth, according to researchers at the Overseas Development Institute.
Review Summit 2010:
- held at UN headquarters in New York on 20–22 September 2010 to review progress to date, with five years left to the 2015 deadline.
- concluded with the adoption of a global action plan to achieve the eight anti-poverty goals by their 2015 target date.
- There were also major new commitments on women's and children's health, and major new initiatives in the worldwide battle against poverty, hunger and disease
Challenges:
- Although developed countries' aid for the achievement of the MDGs have been rising over recent years, it has shown that more than half is towards debt relief owed by poor countries.
- As well, remaining aid money goes towards natural disaster relief and military aid which does not further the country into development
- According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2006), the 50 least developed countries only receive about one third of all aid that flows from developed countries, raising the issue of aid not moving from rich to poor depending on their development needs but rather from rich to their closest allies.
Goals in detail:
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger:
Target 1A: Halve the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day
Proportion of population below $1 per day (PPP values)
Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of poverty]
Share of poorest quintile in national consumption
Target 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women, Men, and Young People
GDP Growth per Employed Person
Employment Rate
Proportion of employed population below $1 per day (PPP values)
Proportion of family-based workers in employed population
Target 1C: Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age
Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption[13]
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education:
Target 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of primary schooling, girls and boys
Enrollment in primary education
Completion of primary education
Literacy of 15-24 year olds, female and male[14]
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women:
Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015
Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education
Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament[15]
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates:
Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
Under-five mortality rate
Infant (under 1) mortality rate
Proportion of 1-year-old children immunized against measles[16]
Goal 5: Improve maternal health:
Target 5A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
Maternal mortality ratio
Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel
Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
Contraceptive prevalence rate
Adolescent birth rate
Antenatal care coverage
Unmet need for family planning[17]
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases:
Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
HIV prevalence among population aged 15–24 years
Condom use at last high-risk sex
Proportion of population aged 15–24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS
Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it
Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to antiretroviral drugs
Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria
Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets
Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with appropriate anti-malarial drugs
Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis
Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short Course)[18]
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability:
Target 7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs; reverse loss of environmental resources
Target 7B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss
Proportion of land area covered by forest
CO2 emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP)
Consumption of ozone-depleting substances
Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits
Proportion of total water resources used
Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected
Proportion of species threatened with extinction
Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation (for more information see the entry on water supply)
Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural
Proportion of urban population with access to improved sanitation
Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers
Proportion of urban population living in slums[19]
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development:
Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system
Includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction – both nationally and internationally
Target 8B: Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed Countries (LDC)
Includes: tariff and quota free access for LDC exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for HIPC and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA (Overseas Development Assistance) for countries committed to poverty reduction
Target 8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States
Through the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General Assembly
Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
Some of the indicators listed below are monitored separately for the least developed countries (LDCs), Africa, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States.
Official development assistance (ODA):
Net ODA, total and to LDCs, as percentage of OECD/DAC donors’ GNI
Proportion of total sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation)
Proportion of bilateral ODA of OECD/DAC donors that is untied
ODA received in landlocked countries as proportion of their GNIs
ODA received in small island developing States as proportion of their GNIs
Market access:
Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms) from developing countries and from LDCs, admitted free of duty
Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing from developing countries
Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as percentage of their GDP
Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity
Debt sustainability:
Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative)
Debt relief committed under HIPC initiative, US$
Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services
Target 8E: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries
Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis
Target 8F: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications
Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population
Personal computers in use per 100 population
Internet users per 100 Population[20]
Saturday, February 4, 2012
Fitzpatrick Scale
The Fitzpatrick Scale (aka Fitzpatrick skin typing test or Fitzpatrick phototyping scale) is a numerical classification schema for the color of skin. It was developed in 1975 by Thomas B. Fitzpatrick, a Harvard dermatologist, as a way to classify the response of different types of skin to UV light. It remains a recognized tool for dermatologic research into the color of skin.
The Fitzpatrick Scale:
Type I (scores 0-7) White; very fair; freckles; typical albino skin.
Always burns, never tans
Type II (scores 8-16) White; fair.
Usually burns, tans with difficulty
Type III (scores 17-25) Beige; very common.
Sometimes mild burn, gradually tans to a light brown
Type IV (scores 25-30) Beige with a brown tint; typical Mediterranean Caucasian skin.
Rarely burns, tans with ease to a moderate brown.
Type V (scores over 30) Dark brown.
Very rarely burns, tans very easily
Type VI Black.
Never burns, tans very easily, deeply pigmented.
The Fitzpatrick Scale:
Type I (scores 0-7) White; very fair; freckles; typical albino skin.
Always burns, never tans
Type II (scores 8-16) White; fair.
Usually burns, tans with difficulty
Type III (scores 17-25) Beige; very common.
Sometimes mild burn, gradually tans to a light brown
Type IV (scores 25-30) Beige with a brown tint; typical Mediterranean Caucasian skin.
Rarely burns, tans with ease to a moderate brown.
Type V (scores over 30) Dark brown.
Very rarely burns, tans very easily
Type VI Black.
Never burns, tans very easily, deeply pigmented.
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