- Iraq: With US gone, women's rights up in the air: women are getting organised
- Common property resources constitute all such resources which are meant for common use of the villagers. In the pre-British India, a very large part of the country’s natural resources was freely available to the rural population. These resources were largely under the control of the local communities. Gradually, with the extension of state control over these resources, resulting in decay of the community management system, CPRs available to the villagers declined substantially over the years.Nevertheless, it is widely held that CPRs still play an important role in the life and economy of the rural population. The beginning of the studies of the CPRs in India can be traced back to early 1980’s. Some of these studies covered fairly a large number of villages scattered over the vast area of the country but majority of those was of the nature of case studies.
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Technology impact on Social change
Technology has allowed man to move from manual labour of the fields to cities and machines. It has allowed huge cities to arise, because of the urban poor that have migrated to cities for improved services and job opportunities. Technology has spawned the growth of modern society but it is also now used to control the population, in a way the Roman Caesars could only have dreamed of.
- technology used in Obama's campaign especially when running against the incumbents
- Industrialization :
Industrialization is a term covering in general terms the growth in a society hitherto mainly agrarian of modern industry with all its circumstances and problems, economic and social. ; Industrial Revolution of 18th century ; factory system of production ; family has lost its economic importance. The factories have brought down the prices of commodities, improved their quality and maximized their output;mechanized production ; traditional skills have declined and good number of artisans has lost their work.; huge employment opportunities; The process of industrialization has affected the nature, character and the growth of economy. It has contributed to the growth of cities or to the process of urbanization
- Urbanization :
Urbanization denotes a diffusion of the influence of urban centers to a rural hinterland. Urbanization can be described as a process of becoming urban moving to cities changing from agriculture to other pursuits common to cities and corresponding change of behaviour patterns. ; world phenomenon ; unprecedented growth in number and size of great cities;
- Modernization:
Modernization is a process which indicates the adoption of the modern ways of life and values. It refers to an attempt on the part of the people particularly those who are custom-bound to adapt themselves to the present-time, conditions, needs, styles and ways in general. It indicates a change in people's food habits, dress habits, speaking styles, tastes, choices, preferences, ideas, values, recreational activities and so on. ; more importance to science and technology; scientific and technological inventions have modernized societies in various countries; remarkable changes in the whole system of social relationship and installed new ideologies in the place of traditional ones;
- Development of the means of transport and communication:
national and international trade on a large scale.; road transport, the train service, the ships and the aero planes have eased the movement of men and material goods; Post and telegraph, radio and television, newspapers and magazines, telephone and wireless and the like have developed a great deal.; space research and the launching of the satellites for communication purposes;
- Transformation in the economy and the evolution of the new social classes:
factory system of production has turned the agricultural economy into industrial economy; industrial or the capitalist economy has divided the social organization into two predominant classes-the capitalist class and the working class.; always at conflict due to mutually opposite interest. ; In the course of time an intermediary class called the middle class has evolved;
- Unemployment:
concomitant feature of the rapid technological advancement; Machines not only provide employment opportunities for men but they also take away the jobs of men through labor- saving devices. This results in technological unemployment.
- Technology and war:
The dangerous effect of technology is evident through the modern mode of warfare. The weaponry has brought fears and anxieties to the mankind. They can easily destroy the entire human race reveal how technology could be misused. Thus greater the technological advancement the more risk for the mankind.
- Changes in social institutions:
profoundly altered our modes of life; not spared the social institutions of its effects; institutions of family, religion, morality, marriage, state, property have been altered; Modern technology in taking away industry from the household has radically changed the family organization;
* Many functions of the family have been taken away by other agencies. Marriage is losing its sanctity. It is treated as a civil contract than a sacred bond. Marriages a re becoming more and more unstable. Instances of divorce, desertion and separation are increasing.
* Technology has elevated the status of women but it has also contributed to the stresses and strains in the relations between men and women at home.
* Religion is losing hold over the members. People are becoming more secular, rational and scientific but less religious in their outlook. Inventions and discoveries in science have shaken the foundations of religion.
* The function of the state or the field of state activity has been widened. Modern technology have made the states to perform such functions as -the protection of the aged, the weaker section and the minorities making provision for education, health care etc; Transportation and communication inventions are leading to a shift of functions from local government to the central government of the whole state.
* The modern inventions have also strengthened nationalism. The modern governments which rule through the bureaucracy have further impersonalized the human relations.
- Cultural Lag:
To provide a law of social change comparable to the laws of physics and biology that William F. Ogburn in 1922 advanced his theory of social lag.; Ogburn pointed out that social changes always originate in the invention by some individual of a new way of doing something new to do; So far he was following in the tradition established by Gabriel Tarde; but Ogburn then began to wander in the tracks of Marx, Historically, he argued, inventions occur most often in the field of material technology, if only because the advantages of an improvement in technology are self-evident; With each development in technology there comes, however, some disturbance to the effective working of the existing social order; Strain / stress set up between new technique and various organisational aspects of the social system, changes in which come slowly if at all; the result, disequilibrium between new technology and old social organization, is social lag.
- Social Movements:
Social Movement is one of the major forms of collective behaviour; various kinds of social movements launched for one or the other purpose;
* A social movement can be defined as collectively acing with some continuity to promote or resist change in the society or group of which it is a part.
* A social movement can be defined as collectively acing with some continuity to promote or resist change in the society or group of which it is a part. Horton and Hunt have defined it as a collective effort to promote or resist change.Smelser defines it as organized group effort to generate or resist social change.
* According to M.S.A Rao social movement includes two characteristics.
- Collective Action:
Social Movement involves collective action. However it takes the form of a movement only when it is sustained for a long time. This collective action need not be formally organized. But it should be able to create an interest and awakening in relatively large number of people.
- Oriented towards social change:
A social movement is generally oriented towards bringing social change. This change could either be partial or total. Though the movement is aimed at bringing about a change in the values, norms, ideologies of the existing system, efforts are also made by some other forces to resist the changes and to maintain the status quo. The counter attempts are normally defensive and restorative rather than innovative and initiating change. They are normally the organized efforts of an already established order to maintain itself.
According to Yogendra Singh, social movement is a collective mobilization of people in a society in an organized manner under an individual or collective leadership in order to realize an ideologically defined social purpose. Social movements are characterized by a specific goal which has a collective significance ideological interpretation of the collective goal a rank of committed worker and strong leadership.Social movements have a life-cycle of their own origin, maturity and culmination.
T.K Oomen observe that a study of social movements implies a study of social structure as movements originate from the contradictions which in turn emanate from social structure. He states that all social movements centre around three factors- Locality, Issues and social categories. Anthony Wallace view social movement as an attempt by local population to change the image or models they have of how their culture operates.
An important component of social movement that distinguishes it from the general category of collective mobilization is the presence of an ideology. A student strike involves collective mobilization and is oriented towards change. But in the absence of an ideology a student strike becomes an isolated event and not a movement. A social movement requires a minimum of organizational framework to achieve success or at least to maintain the tempo of the movement. To make the distinction clear between the leaders and followers to make clear the purposes of the movement to persuade people to take part in it or to support it, to adopt different techniques to achieve the goals - a social movement must have some amount of organizational frame-work.
A social movement may adopt its own technique or method to achieve its goal. It may follow peaceful or conflicting, violent or non-violent, compulsive or persuasive, democratic or undemocratic means or methods to reach its goal.
- Communication, business, school, automotive industry, biotechnology, mechanization of the farm, advent of chemical era,
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Suicides in India - a study by Lancet
- Common property resources constitute all such resources which are meant for common use of the villagers. In the pre-British India, a very large part of the country’s natural resources was freely available to the rural population. These resources were largely under the control of the local communities. Gradually, with the extension of state control over these resources, resulting in decay of the community management system, CPRs available to the villagers declined substantially over the years.Nevertheless, it is widely held that CPRs still play an important role in the life and economy of the rural population. The beginning of the studies of the CPRs in India can be traced back to early 1980’s. Some of these studies covered fairly a large number of villages scattered over the vast area of the country but majority of those was of the nature of case studies.
------------------------------------XXXXXXXXXXXXX------------------------------------
Technology impact on Social change
Technology has allowed man to move from manual labour of the fields to cities and machines. It has allowed huge cities to arise, because of the urban poor that have migrated to cities for improved services and job opportunities. Technology has spawned the growth of modern society but it is also now used to control the population, in a way the Roman Caesars could only have dreamed of.
- technology used in Obama's campaign especially when running against the incumbents
- Industrialization :
Industrialization is a term covering in general terms the growth in a society hitherto mainly agrarian of modern industry with all its circumstances and problems, economic and social. ; Industrial Revolution of 18th century ; factory system of production ; family has lost its economic importance. The factories have brought down the prices of commodities, improved their quality and maximized their output;mechanized production ; traditional skills have declined and good number of artisans has lost their work.; huge employment opportunities; The process of industrialization has affected the nature, character and the growth of economy. It has contributed to the growth of cities or to the process of urbanization
- Urbanization :
Urbanization denotes a diffusion of the influence of urban centers to a rural hinterland. Urbanization can be described as a process of becoming urban moving to cities changing from agriculture to other pursuits common to cities and corresponding change of behaviour patterns. ; world phenomenon ; unprecedented growth in number and size of great cities;
- Modernization:
Modernization is a process which indicates the adoption of the modern ways of life and values. It refers to an attempt on the part of the people particularly those who are custom-bound to adapt themselves to the present-time, conditions, needs, styles and ways in general. It indicates a change in people's food habits, dress habits, speaking styles, tastes, choices, preferences, ideas, values, recreational activities and so on. ; more importance to science and technology; scientific and technological inventions have modernized societies in various countries; remarkable changes in the whole system of social relationship and installed new ideologies in the place of traditional ones;
- Development of the means of transport and communication:
national and international trade on a large scale.; road transport, the train service, the ships and the aero planes have eased the movement of men and material goods; Post and telegraph, radio and television, newspapers and magazines, telephone and wireless and the like have developed a great deal.; space research and the launching of the satellites for communication purposes;
- Transformation in the economy and the evolution of the new social classes:
factory system of production has turned the agricultural economy into industrial economy; industrial or the capitalist economy has divided the social organization into two predominant classes-the capitalist class and the working class.; always at conflict due to mutually opposite interest. ; In the course of time an intermediary class called the middle class has evolved;
- Unemployment:
concomitant feature of the rapid technological advancement; Machines not only provide employment opportunities for men but they also take away the jobs of men through labor- saving devices. This results in technological unemployment.
- Technology and war:
The dangerous effect of technology is evident through the modern mode of warfare. The weaponry has brought fears and anxieties to the mankind. They can easily destroy the entire human race reveal how technology could be misused. Thus greater the technological advancement the more risk for the mankind.
- Changes in social institutions:
profoundly altered our modes of life; not spared the social institutions of its effects; institutions of family, religion, morality, marriage, state, property have been altered; Modern technology in taking away industry from the household has radically changed the family organization;
* Many functions of the family have been taken away by other agencies. Marriage is losing its sanctity. It is treated as a civil contract than a sacred bond. Marriages a re becoming more and more unstable. Instances of divorce, desertion and separation are increasing.
* Technology has elevated the status of women but it has also contributed to the stresses and strains in the relations between men and women at home.
* Religion is losing hold over the members. People are becoming more secular, rational and scientific but less religious in their outlook. Inventions and discoveries in science have shaken the foundations of religion.
* The function of the state or the field of state activity has been widened. Modern technology have made the states to perform such functions as -the protection of the aged, the weaker section and the minorities making provision for education, health care etc; Transportation and communication inventions are leading to a shift of functions from local government to the central government of the whole state.
* The modern inventions have also strengthened nationalism. The modern governments which rule through the bureaucracy have further impersonalized the human relations.
- Cultural Lag:
To provide a law of social change comparable to the laws of physics and biology that William F. Ogburn in 1922 advanced his theory of social lag.; Ogburn pointed out that social changes always originate in the invention by some individual of a new way of doing something new to do; So far he was following in the tradition established by Gabriel Tarde; but Ogburn then began to wander in the tracks of Marx, Historically, he argued, inventions occur most often in the field of material technology, if only because the advantages of an improvement in technology are self-evident; With each development in technology there comes, however, some disturbance to the effective working of the existing social order; Strain / stress set up between new technique and various organisational aspects of the social system, changes in which come slowly if at all; the result, disequilibrium between new technology and old social organization, is social lag.
- Social Movements:
Social Movement is one of the major forms of collective behaviour; various kinds of social movements launched for one or the other purpose;
* A social movement can be defined as collectively acing with some continuity to promote or resist change in the society or group of which it is a part.
* A social movement can be defined as collectively acing with some continuity to promote or resist change in the society or group of which it is a part. Horton and Hunt have defined it as a collective effort to promote or resist change.Smelser defines it as organized group effort to generate or resist social change.
* According to M.S.A Rao social movement includes two characteristics.
- Collective Action:
Social Movement involves collective action. However it takes the form of a movement only when it is sustained for a long time. This collective action need not be formally organized. But it should be able to create an interest and awakening in relatively large number of people.
- Oriented towards social change:
A social movement is generally oriented towards bringing social change. This change could either be partial or total. Though the movement is aimed at bringing about a change in the values, norms, ideologies of the existing system, efforts are also made by some other forces to resist the changes and to maintain the status quo. The counter attempts are normally defensive and restorative rather than innovative and initiating change. They are normally the organized efforts of an already established order to maintain itself.
According to Yogendra Singh, social movement is a collective mobilization of people in a society in an organized manner under an individual or collective leadership in order to realize an ideologically defined social purpose. Social movements are characterized by a specific goal which has a collective significance ideological interpretation of the collective goal a rank of committed worker and strong leadership.Social movements have a life-cycle of their own origin, maturity and culmination.
T.K Oomen observe that a study of social movements implies a study of social structure as movements originate from the contradictions which in turn emanate from social structure. He states that all social movements centre around three factors- Locality, Issues and social categories. Anthony Wallace view social movement as an attempt by local population to change the image or models they have of how their culture operates.
An important component of social movement that distinguishes it from the general category of collective mobilization is the presence of an ideology. A student strike involves collective mobilization and is oriented towards change. But in the absence of an ideology a student strike becomes an isolated event and not a movement. A social movement requires a minimum of organizational framework to achieve success or at least to maintain the tempo of the movement. To make the distinction clear between the leaders and followers to make clear the purposes of the movement to persuade people to take part in it or to support it, to adopt different techniques to achieve the goals - a social movement must have some amount of organizational frame-work.
A social movement may adopt its own technique or method to achieve its goal. It may follow peaceful or conflicting, violent or non-violent, compulsive or persuasive, democratic or undemocratic means or methods to reach its goal.
- Communication, business, school, automotive industry, biotechnology, mechanization of the farm, advent of chemical era,
------------------------------------XXXXXXXXXXXXX------------------------------------
Suicides in India - a study by Lancet
- A Lancet study reports that suicide is the second highest cause of death among the young; The study has reported some startling findings with regards to suicide in India.
* Suicide rates in India are among the highest reported from any country. Suicide rates are much higher in rural areas, and in the southern states of the country. The fatality rates may be higher in India than in many western countries because the favoured method of suicide is the use of pesticides (in comparison to, say, taking an overdose of sleeping pills).;
* Nearly 60 per cent of all suicide deaths in Indian women occur between the ages of 15 and 29 years, the corresponding figure for men being 40 per cent. Suicide is the second leading cause of death in young people of both genders and, with the falling trends of maternal mortality, is likely to become the leading cause of death in young women in the near future.
* The immediate course of action must be to recognise with urgency that suicide is a leading public health concern in India, in particular for young people. In a nutshell, one is more likely to react to upsets in life in a risky and impulsive way during one’s youth. In essence, social and inter-personal factors such as violence and disappointments in relationships, coexist with mental health factors, notably depression and substance abuse, as the leading determinants of suicidal behaviour.
* These individual level determinants, however, do not fully explain the dramatic regional variations in suicide in India. The new study findings show that suicide death rates were generally greater in the more developed southern states which have nearly a ten-fold higher suicide rate than some of the less developed northern states.
* One possibility is that the higher rates of suicide in the more developed and educated communities of India may be attributed to the greater likelihood of disappointments when aspirations that define success and happiness are distorted or unmet by the reality faced by young people in a rapidly changing society where jobs may be higher paying but less secure and where social networking more accessible but loneliness more common.
* Irrespective of these questions, the fact remains that suicide is a leading cause of death of young people in India, killing twice as many people as HIV/AIDS and nearly as many women as maternal causes. However, unlike these two other conditions, suicide attracts little public health attention.
* Beyond the toll of deaths, we need to acknowledge that completed suicide rates may reflect only the tip of the iceberg; the majority of suicide attempts are not fatal and simply go uncounted.
* The vast majority of people in this country have no access to any of the evidence based strategies which are well-established to address the risk of suicide, from limiting access to lethal methods such as pesticides, addressing violence experienced by young people, building life skills and promoting mental health in schools and colleges, and improving access to treatment for depression and counselling for those who survive a suicide attempt. But, we must also be honest that the story of suicide in India is likely to be a complex one which needs further inquiry to address the bigger questions about the role of society and, in particular, social change, as a driver of this marker of hopelessness.
* If, indeed, social change is a driver of youth suicide, then we need to reflect on our model of development for the speed of change is only increasing, and spreading, across the country. In the end, suicide is perhaps the quintessential example of a health outcome in which society plays as crucial an explanatory role as medicine — and it will need a partnership between medicine and society to understand and address its toll.
good blog,very informative
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